200. Where to look next? According to iptables & UFW, the following ports are open: 22, 80, 443, 587, 7080, and 8090. I use Cloudflare, but the only firewall rules there are country-based.
This is a disk image that I moved from a previous GCP VM. In theory, it's identical to the previous machine. I was able to access port 7080 on that port.